Reggae Icons, Jamaican Culture, and Homophobia Essay -- Essays Papers

Reggae Icons, Jamaican Culture, and Homophobia The world is in trouble/Anytime Buju Banton come/ Batty boy mother up and comport/ ah gunshot in ah head man/Tell dem crew its like/ Boom bye bye, in a nutty boy head, rude boy nah promote no dread(a) man, them hafi dead. The average member of the reggae dancehall gardening knows the message that this song is sending to its listeners. However, without a translation these lyrics do not mean a thing to someone who is not familiar with this culture and the vocabulary of dancehall artists. Translated the lyrics read The world is in trouble/When Buju Banton arrives/Faggots have to run/Or get a bullet in the head /Bang-bang, in a faggots head/Homeboys dont condone nasty men/They must die.These lyrics from the song Boom Bye Bye by Buju Banton personify the manner in which the reggae dancehall culture of Jamaica views homosexuals. These lyrics will always be share of dancehall history because of the controversy they started amongst the hom osexual North American community, who were offended by Buju Bantons lyrics. The controversy brought about the interrogation of whether this was a problem due to heathenish differences or a hate crime against a group that is considered a minority, homosexuals. This song brings forth issues and different beliefs that are present in the Jamaican culture that contradicts those of the North American culture.The lyrics of dancehall reggae music in Jamaica seem to encourage the taunting and violence towards homosexuals. Of course it is normal for most reggae songs to deal with the social concerns and religious beliefs of Jamaicans because it is a big representation of the Jamaican culture. Homosexuals are looked down upon as outcasts because of their sexuality. Homop... ...ut his culture. I believe anyone, not only musicians, but any artist should be competent to express themselves and their beliefs through their work. If it is the norm in your society to believe something is wrong the n how can you expect a prominent artist to express himself in a manner that goes against the norm of his society. Personally I believe that he is signing about his culture and no one, no matter what the situation, should be criticized for expressing his or her beliefs. In conclusion the deeply rooted homophobia that is mistakably reflected in Bantons lyrics and that, more importantly, pervades the Jamaican society, is a very controversial issue. Not only is there the question of whether Banton is correct because he is singing about his culture but despite the fact that he is expressing his beliefs does he have any right to threaten the lives of gentle beings.

Capital Punishment Essay: Just Say No -- Argumentative Persuasive Topi

Capital Punishment Just Say No This essay will show that the United States is on an execution rampage. Since capital punishment was rein orderd by the Supreme Court in the 1976 Gregg v. Georgia decision(Gregg), more than 525 men and women have been put to terminal by the state. to a greater extent than 150 of these executions have taken place since 1996. 3,500 people are on demise row today, awaiting their turn with the executioner. Capital punishment has existed throughout most of the programme of our nations history. By the mid-1960s, however, public opposition to the death penalty had reached an all-time high, and the practice was banned by the Supreme Court in the 1972 Furman v. Georgia(Furman) decision. The Court held that state death penalty statutes were devoid of any standards, and that they therefore gave too much discretion to individual judges and juries to exact the ultimate punishment. Soon after the Furman decision, states began passing modern laws that provided sentencing guidelines for juries. The Supreme Court was given a nonher opportunity to address the issue of capital punishment in 1976, in Gregg v. Georgia, and it ruled that the punishment of death does not invariably violate the Constitution. Since this ruling, capital punishment rates have grown exponentially in the United States. In 1994, the Federal Death Penalty Act(Federal) accepted capital punishment for more than 60 offenses, including some crimes that do not involve murder. Moreover, the 1996 Anti- Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act created new barriers to potent federal review of constitutional claims in capital cases. Congress and many states have also slashed funding for most of the legal representation death row inmates forme... ... only two. Southern states, particularly Texas (443 death row inmates in 1999), hand down significantly more death sentences than those in the rest of the country. California, the state with the largest penal system, had 513 inmat es on death row in the spring of 1999. Such state-to-state disparities exist because death penalty statutes are a patchwork of disparate standards, rules and practices and the takings is the difference between life and death. Furthermore, some prosecutors are more zealous in seeking the death penalty than others - particularly if they are running for re-election. workings CITED Federal Death Penalty Act http//www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/feddp.html Furman v Goergia http//www.thinkquest.org/library/lib/site_sum_outside.html?tname=2760&url=2760/furman.htm Gregg v. Georgia http//www.lectlaw.com/files/case26.htm

Crime Of Passion By Barbara Hu :: Barbara Hu Crime Of Passion

The essay A Crime of Compassion was written by Barbara Hutt domainn. A story of love, dedication, moral values, and a nurse who love her job and her patients very dearly. One of her patients was a young police officer who had been diagnosed with lung cancer. Within six months time, he had lost his youth, devil of his five senses and his ability to do anything for himself. He had stopped breathing numerous times, and each time he was revive. Eventually the distressingness became unbearable and he begged for God to take him. Being resuscitated wasnt what he wanted anymore, he wanted to die. This nurse with so much love and so much knowledge relieved him of his pain and permit him die. The public and the hospital then scolded her. She was labeled a murderer.The authors use of description was very detailed and very real. Reading this essay was care watching it on television. Every sentence was described with so much depth there was no need to imagine the scenery or the excitement of the hospital. The healthy police officer was described as a young, witty macho cop with thirty-two pounds of attack equipment. When reading this, the vision of a man in a blue uniform with his gun and walkie-talkie enters the mind. When the man had been diagnosed with lung cancer he was described as a sixty pound material body being kept alive by liquid food poured down a tube. The code blues were described horrifically. He stopped breathing two to three times a day, and every time he stopped he was resuscitated. The nurses stayed to wipe away the saliva that drooled from his mouth, irrigate the big craters of bedsores that covered his hips, suction the lung fluids that threatened to drown him, clean the feces that burned his skin He was going through an agonizing ordeal, and he was being kept alive unnaturally. The pain he was enduring was far too much for any human or any animal to sustain.

A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen :: English Literature

To actualise the signification of A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen we read the whole script. To go deeper into the meaning we used our own drama abilities to explore.To understand the meaning of A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen we read thewhole script. To go deeper into the meaning we used our own dramaabilities to explore. We used Hot-Seating, Collages, and Still Image.All of these three things helped me understand the meaning of the bendand explore the characters further. The script does not tell meeverything I need to know, a lot of things are hidden, and techniquesare needed to protrude facts. When you set forth to understand the playyou begin to appreciate what a fantastic play writer Ibsen actuallyis.We used Hot Seating at first in the exam. The teacher would say acharacter and the stage the character is at in the play. The characterI have chosen to analyse is Nora. Vicki played Nora in Hot-Seating. Weall asked her questions to see how she answered her. This helped a lotas we wer e baffleing things out about Nora that are not bluntly statedin the script. For example we find out why she has macaroons and howit builds up tension. When Vicki was being Nora it made me realisewhat Ibsen was doing with the Macaroons. He was building up tensionbit by bit. The macaroons were showing the reader of the play thatTorvald had some kind of control over Nora and that she had adisobedient side to her. It showed us she would lie to Torvald.Throughout the play this enhances and evolves into something much(prenominal)bigger. Nora has lied to Torvald and this time it is much more seriousthan macaroons. She has betrayed him and it is close to him findingout. The macaroons were Ibsens way of showing me that Nora wasdevious and could undermine Torvald and then it transforms intosomething much bigger. The reader knows this could happen but when itdoes it shocks. To show me what I said above someone asked thequestion Would you ever lie to Torvald? Vicki helped me understandthat to wards the end Nora begins to realise she does not love Torvaldand that she decides to leave him. This showed me that Torvald couldNOT stop her and shows me how sexism has collapsed socially. Ibsen is laborious to show how bad sexism is in this play. , Using Nora andTorvald.I Played Mrs Linde in Hot-Seating, it helped me also being in heposition.

The Picture Behind The Story :: essays research papers

     The motivation in an individual is of great concern in becoming an well-educated person. I know that from my fathers "childhood" stories that self-motivation and motivation from relatives are what help individuals to learn and prosper in their lives. My father didnt have any of this when he was younger. His motivation and energy were enjoin in another resultion, the path to " I Dont Care Land". I believe that he still had in his heart somewhere the curiosity and the open-mindedness of a child like ambition. My father left home when he was sixteen, he had to get himself together just to survive out in the world. If my father hadnt complete that he had to shape-up and get thing together he would have never gotten where he is today. When that childlike ambition broke threw my father he knew what he had to do, with this Im proud to say my father went back to get his GED to further is education. As the great Hellen Keller once said " Charact er cannot be developed in salvage and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, ambition inspired, and success achieved." You have to pull yourself out of the gutter and come about on going as any well knowledgeable person would know.Next is the ability too direst and assist the learning bear on. Before the invention of narration and writing, people lived in an environment in which they struggled to survive against natural forces, animals, and other humans. Through direct, informal education, parents, elders, and priests taught children the skills and roles they would need as adults. In doing this they taught an ability to be direct and to assist in the process of a better knowledgeable person. Education developed from the human struggle for survival and enlightenment. It may be formal or informal. Informal education refers to the general social process by which human beings acquire the knowledge and skills needed to function in thei r culture. Formal education refers to the process by which teachers instruct students in courses of study within institutions. I know also, through my fathers stories, that even thought you are learning at school the ruff way to be an well-

Machiavellianism :: essays research papers

After months of routinely being metal detected andblindly handing over my bags to be searched, I finallystopped to think about it the some other day. I realized thatall the security cameras, metal detectors and guards weremerely used to gain power over the people by oppressing themand forcing their submission not to cherish us. We are allblind to this. We think its for our own good, but its allpart of a Machiavellianist Plot.Niccolo Machiavelli lived in Italy in the early1500s. He thought that if one person, namely Lorenzo deMedici, could be the absolute ruler of all Italy, because ordercould be restored. In an effort to gain favor with the right Medice family, he wrote The Prince as an earlyblueprint of a New World Order justifying the use of anymeans, no matter how sinister, to gain and keep power. Machiavellianism envisages the seizure, maintenance, and backstage of absolute power by the nicely graduated use offraud, force and terror control by the ruler of allavenues of commun ication, thus facilitating the deliberate shape of public opinion and the employment ofsurveillance and terrorist activities of subordinates whocan be disowned and liquidated by the ruler, who thusescapes the blame for their atrocities. (In other words, thebig political figureheads get their lackeys to do their cloudy work and then use them as scapegoats.)Basically, what Machiavelli was trying to say was thatif a prince conquered a city, the people would hate him, butif the prince secretly hired terrorists to create aninsurrection, then marched into the city to put down theinsurrection, the people would praise him. (He would hirehis men to act like they were rebelling, and then the leaderwould act like he was tenia the rebellion and protectingthe citizens, thus earning the communitys trust.) Eitherway, he would increase his domain, but it would be betterfor his popularity if the citizens loved him rather thanhated him for doing it.I see the same things happening today with gun cont rol,censorship and all the other so-called security thegovernment has imposed upon us. These are not strandedincidents. This censorship has occurred throughout history,whether it was censorship of religion, freedom, books orindividuality and self expression. The first and most obvious is the case of Jesus and howhe was oppressed and persecuted because he expressed hisbeliefs which didnt agree with the political leaders of theday. These leaders did not want to be disputed or made tolook bad, so if someone got in their way, they killed that

Machiavellianism :: essays research papers

After months of routinely being metal detected andblindly handing over my bags to be searched, I fin all(prenominal)ystop to think about it the other day. I realized thatall the security cameras, metal detectors and guards weremerely used to gain power over the people by oppressing themand forcing their submission not to protect us. We are allblind to this. We think its for our own good, but its allpart of a Machiavellianist Plot.Niccolo Machiavelli lived in Italy in the early1500s. He thought that if one person, namely Lorenzo deMedici, could be the absolute ruler of all Italy, then ordercould be restored. In an ride to gain favor with thepowerful Medice family, he wrote The Prince as an earlyblueprint of a New World Order justifying the use of anymeans, no outlet how sinister, to gain and keep power. Machiavellianism envisages the seizure, maintenance, andextension of absolute power by the nicely graduated use offraud, force and terror control by the ruler of allavenues of commu nication, thus facilitating the deliberatemolding of public opinion and the employment ofsurveillance and terrorist representivities of subordinates whocan be disowned and liquidated by the ruler, who thusescapes the blame for their atrocities. (In other words, thebig political figureheads get their lackeys to do theirdirty work and then use them as scapegoats.)Basically, what Machiavelli was trying to say was thatif a prince conquered a city, the people would hate him, butif the prince secretly hired terrorists to create aninsurrection, then marched into the city to put down theinsurrection, the people would praise him. (He would hirehis men to act like they were rebelling, and then the leaderwould act like he was stopping the rebellion and protectingthe citizens, thus earning the communitys trust.) Eitherway, he would increase his domain, but it would be betterfor his popularity if the citizens love him rather thanhated him for doing it.I see the same things happening today with gun control,censorship and all the other so-called security thegovernment has obligate upon us. These are not isolatedincidents. This censorship has occurred throughout history,whether it was censorship of religion, freedom, books orindividuality and self expression. The first and most obvious is the case of Jesus and howhe was oppressed and persecuted because he expressed hisbeliefs which didnt agree with the political leaders of theday. These leaders did not want to be disputed or made to saying bad, so if someone got in their way, they killed that

Informative Speech on 9/11 Planes Essay

How many of you can still remember exactly where you was on 9/11? I remember I was in my 2nd direct classroom and hearing over the intercom that our teachers needed to turn on the T.V. As we began watching the horrific events that was taking place and yet to take place, we was wholly confused on what was happening, and why. We just knew what we was watching was not normal. The solid ground calling Center attacks were part of a strategic plan of a terrorist group al-Qaeda. end-to-end the speech, I will be mapping out the attacks as they unraveled. Four planes were hijacked, each intended for different targets. According to the New York Times, the flights that were hijacked included American Airlines trajectory 11, unite Airlines safety valve 175, American Airlines 77, and United Airlines course 93 (Schememann A1.)American Airlines Flight 11, which carried five base of operations terrorists, 81 passengers, and 11 crewmembers, was the first plane to relieve oneself the North Twin Tower. The flight was scheduled from Boston, Massachusetts to L.A. California. Within fifteen minutes of that flight, the Al-Qaeda hijackers had injured three people, killed one, and forcibly make their way into the cockpit, and overtook the victor and first officer. Mohamed Atta was the hijacker that took over the planes control, and was in control of the events that followed. The air control system realized something was wrong when they lost all contact with American Airlines Flight 11, until Mohamed Atta, accidently sent a message to the air control system instead of the passengers in the plane. At 846 local time, the aircraft crashed into the North tower of the World Trade Center. 102 minutes after the impact, the North tower of the World Trade center collapsed.United Airlines Flight 175 was the second passenger flight, which carried five hijackers and 60 people, which was boarded to go from Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles, California. Within 30 minutes of take off, the hijackers had forcefully entered the cockpit and overruled the pilot and first officer, allowing Marwan al-Shehhi to control the airplane from and so on. Unlike American Airlines Flight 11, Airlines Flight 175 kept their air traffic control system on, and it was visible on New York Centers radar. Many of the passengers and also crew members made phones calls from the phones set on the plane. 17 minutes after the North Tower was hit byAmerican Airlines Flight 11, the United Airlines Flight 175 then struck the southerly Tower, which was the exactly impact from September 11, 2001 that was seen live on television as it occurred. 56 minutes after the impact on the South Tower, of the World Trade center, the building collapsed.American Airlines Flight 77, which killed the five Al-Qaeda terrorists and 59 passengers boarded the plane, and also the 125 people that were in the building of the third attack, the Pentagon located in Washington, D.C. The flight was departing from Dulles, Virginia to the destination of Los Angeles, California. It took the five hijackers 35 minutes to intrude the cockpit Hani Jonjour then took over as the pilot of American Airlines Flight 77. The western attitude of the Pentagon at 937 was hit. At 1010 A.M. a section of the Pentagon had collapsed, it took days for firefighters to extinguish the massive fire.United Airlines Flight 93, withheld four Al-Qaeda terrorists and 44 passengers, crashed into a field near Stonycreek, Township, Pennsylvania. It only took the Al-Qaeda members 46 minutes to take control over the plane. The passengers of the plane had decided they were not leaving to let the hijackers hit their target and kill them without an attempt to recover the planes control. The passengers on the plane were in touch with people from the phones, to be aware that the World Trade Center had been hit, along with the Pentagon. The passengers attempted to gain back the control of United Airlines Flight 93, and during this attempt, the plane crashed into the field in Stonycreek Township. United Airlines Flight 93 was the only plane that did not reach its hijackers target.Many of us was aware of the events that took place on 9/11, but really didnt know much some the passengers that was boarded those four planes on September 11, 2001, a day that forever change America. On Flight 11, Charles Chuck Jones, 48, almost made it into outer space. He was suitable to fly on the space shuttle and was scheduled to fly a mission when the 1987 Challenger explosion indefinitely postponed launched. On Flight 77, Suzanna Calley, 42, of California, would have far-famed her 20th wedding anniversary on Wednesday, September 12th, and her 43rd birthday onMonday, September 17. On Flight 175, Ruth McCourt, 45, and her daughter, Juliana, age 4, were aboard United Airline Flight 175. Ruth McCourts brother, Ronnie, escaped the ground floor of the World Trade Center. On Flight 93, Todd Beamer, 32, leaves a pregnant wife and deuce sons . His family believes that he died when he and other passengers tried recovering Flight 93 from the hijackers. The flights of 11, 77, 175, and 93 has forever change the life of America and on 9/11, in that location will always be a moment of silence for the people that bravely lost their lives that day.Work Citedhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175http//usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/11/victims-capsules.htm

A Study of the Badu Mangrove Community Essay

AbstractA investigation took place at a large mangrove community c eached the Badu Mangroves. The interactions of organisms and the Badu Mangrove ecosystem were observed. While experiments were carried out to determine the abiotic ( e.g. temperature, humidity, alter pH ) and biotic ( e.g. number of seedlings distributed throughout a certain area, adaptations of animals ) features in the Badu Mangrove community. get at a lower place ones skinThe aim of this report was to explore the abiotic and biotic features concerning the growth and berth of grey mangroves (Avicennia Marina ) in the Badu Mangrove community at Sydney Olympic Park. The surface area of the Badu Mangroves is just about 38 hectares, its location is Latitude 335148.7S Longitude 1510432.07E Factors that influence the mangroves lifestyle were also investigated.MethodAbiotic factorsThe air and piss temperature of the Mangrove spot was calculated by apply a thermometer. A thermometer was obtained and it was held in t he air for a few legal proceeding until the indication became stable. The temperature was then recorded.When measuring humidity, a psychrometer was used, on with a information chart. The psychrometer contained a wet bulb which measured the wet temperature spot the normal thermometer on the psychrometer measured the air temperature. The dry temperature was subtracted from the wet temperature. The pull up stakes of this subtraction was then interpreted by using a table and this determined the humidity.The light was measured in a spot where there were plant life which had leaves and long trunks. This was done to observe how much light could penetrate through the vegetation. A light meter was obtained and it was turned face down in a spot were there was moderate light to ensure a fair result. The light meter then showed the light intensity in units of flux. The results were recorded.Wind focal ratio was recorded by using a wind meter. The meter was placed high up in the air to c elebrate and ejaculates that could generate or balk wind movement. The reading produced on the meter was recorded.A sample of water was taken from a creek. A thermometer was then obtained and placed immediately into the water to prevent any heat loss or transfer of heat from the water. The thermometer was left there until a reading was steady and the temperature was recorded.Turbidity was measured by using a turbidity tube. This tube measures the cloudiness of the water. The sample of creek water was obtained and it was placed into the tube until the lines at the bottom of the tube was no longer visible. The reading of the water level was then recorded, it was interpreted by using a table which determines the turbidity of the water, the units were recorded in NTU ( Nephelometric Turbidity Unit )The amount of turn oxygen in the water was measured by using an Aqua dissolved energy meter. The wire which connected the measuring tube was placed into the water until there was an even reading, the results were recorded. The units of dissolved oxygen were measured in ppM ( parts per million ) .The salinity of the water was measured by using a WP-83 conductivity salinity meter. The wire which connected the measuring tube was placed into the water until there was an even reading, the results were recorded. The units of the salinity was measured in ppK ( parts per thousand).The pH of the filthiness was measured through the use of a universal indicator. Asmall sample of soil was taken and it was placed in a small petri dish, atomic number 56 sulfate was then added to the soil and then the universal indicator was then added. The touch observed was then interpreted by using a colour pH chart, where the colour observed is matched with the colours on the pH. The pH was then recorded.A soil thermometer was obtained to measure the soil temperature. The apparatus had a metal provoke which was placed 5cms into the ground. The apparatus was allowed to stay there for a few minutes until a stable reading was seen on the thermometer. The temperature was then recorded. injury moisture was measured by using a moisture meter. The meter had a metal needle which was placed 5cms into the ground. The meter was allowed to stay there for a few minutes until a stable reading was seen on the meter. The scaled used were on a scale of 1-10. 1 being the driest and 10 being the wettest.biotic FactorsAt the boardwalk. Ten quadrats were randomly placed along the side of the boardwalk. The number of mangroves seedlings and crabholes were counted and recorded.Along the boardwalk, some mangroves and pneumatophores were observed.The underneath of a mangrove leaf was licked. The taste was recorded.Then a pneumatophore was obtained, it as plugged into a pipette. The pipette was then placed into a plastic cup filled with water. The air in the pipette was squeezed and the observations were recorded.A prescript was used to measure the height of pneumatophores at intervals of on e metre, when the distance reached ten metres measuring was stopped. The pneumatophores were measured first from the creek and it was then measure on outwards till the distance reached ten metres. This was done to prove ifpneumatophores are longer near creeks and they start to get short as they grow further from the creek.TransectAt the FSC Bund there were ten metre intervals which were marked out by poles. At each of these intervals, the height of the mangroves were estimated and sketched out as a transect. This was done until eighty-metres of mangrove forests were covered. Observations of plant and fauna were also noted down.ResultsAbiotic factors (Air, water and soil factors)Factor Mangrove Forest(1000am) Dry Forest(100pm)Air temperature 26.5C 34Chumidness 64.5% 42%Light Intensity 3300 lux 2710 luxWind Velocity 0.0m/s 0.5m/sWater Temperature 23.4C n/aTurbidity 40 NTU n/aDissolved oxygen 33.8 ppm n/apH (Water) 7 n/aSalinity 23.7 ppk n/apH ( dirty) 6 5.5Soil Temperature 20C 22CSoi l Moisture Wet 10 Dry 1Biotic Factors (Abundance)Quadrats of Mangrove Seedlings and Crab Holes (1100am)Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Distance from Creek (m) 25 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0Number of seedlings 52 72 38 58 29 36 19 38 1 0Number of crab holes 0 0 0 0 4 7 13 13 3 25Biotic Factors (Adaptation)Mangrove Leaf When the mangrove was licked, it tasted salty.Pneumatophores When the pipette was squeezed subatomic, tiny air bubbles started to come out from the little lenticals on the surface of the pneumatophore..Do pneumatophores grow longer as they reach the creek?Distance from Creek (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Pneumatophore 1 (cm) 31 24 21 21 13 10 13 7 10 7 5Pneumatophore 2 (cm) 28 16 12 19 10 8 11 7 7 5 7TransectDiscussionAbiotic FactorsThe places which contained more light had more flora development there, because the light allows photosynthesis, firearm the spots where light couldnt penetrate to the forest floor due to the overhead leaves blocking the sunlight out there were li ttle vegetation growing. This shows that vegetation grow more efficiently in spots that allow photosynthesis to occur.Spots that were more humid made no difference to the placement of mangroves. The spots that pass water more leaves and less sunlight seems to effect the humidity levels. The mangroves and its leaves acts as a cover to stop all the water vapour from evaporating, while in spots that had less leaves and cover they were less humid.Wind speed could be affected the mangroves act as a barrier and they block all the wind from travelling efficiently throughout the forest, while in places were there were less trees there was a big difference in wind speed.Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture is affected by how close the site is to a water source. In the mangrove forest, the soil temperature is lower because the sunlight is blocked from estrus up the soil, and the forest is very close to a creek which could cool down the soil. While in the Dry Forest the soil temperature is hig her because it has a direct contact with the sunlight and is no where near a water source. This call also affect the distribution of flora because some vegetations need to have water to grow.This could be affected by the temperature the day before, so this could alter the results into the wrong direction. To improve this we have to find a daywhich as a moderate temperature so we displace try our best to find the closest possible results.pH of the Soil and Water suffer effect how the distribution of vegetation occurs. Some plants need a specific pH to live and thrive, if it is to acidic or alkalic the plant will die off. So the pH of Soil and Water is a very important thing concerning the growth of vegetation.Some errors of this experiment is that the soil seemed to be alkalic but with the past tests the soil was neutral so this must have been an error. To improve this it is a good idea to use a good quality indicator that allows us to have an blameless result everytime.Biotic Fa ctorsThe results of the Mangrove Seedlings shows that in quadrat ten there is no mangrove seedlings while in quadrat two there are seventy-two mangrove seedlings. The tenth quadrat is the closest to the river while the second quadrat is 72 metres away from the quadrat. This relation shows the mangrove seedlings only thrive when they are far away fro the river. This means that mangrove seedlings grow away from the river because the tide is too strong and they dont have time to root themselves down and be stable. The nutrients found on the soil could be washed away by the current and leaving the seedlings close to the creek without a source of food and they will soon die off, while when they grow farther away from the creek there is no current to wash away the nutrients.In quadrats one to four there are cipher Crab Holes while in quadrat ten there are twenty-five crab holes, and once again quadrat ten is the closest to the river. This suggests that the crabs same(p) to be closer to the creek because their food source is there, they eat decaying matter called detritus which is decaying mangrove leaves, they are deposited on the mud flats as the tide pushes it out. Also a possibility is that the crab like the water and it helps them cool down.Quadrat nine is underwater so we are forced to make an estimate the could alter the results.The transect drawn shows that the mangrove grew higher and bigger when the were close to a source of water. Then they started to grow shorter. This information shows that mangroves will live better and grow bigger and taller near the water. This could be used to explain that mangroves need water to thrive, and as the mangroves distant themselves from a water source they will not be able to grow.The water source observed seemed to be the end of the a river, so when the tide comes in they bring in lots of nutrients and many a(prenominal) seedlings that have been washed away before. At this point the mangroves closest to the water can use this to their advantage because the can take up all the nutrients and not share it with the new(prenominal) trees, and the nutrients cannot be transported to the other trees because there is no water current. Also the washed away seedlings have a second chance to root themselves down and grow.The Mangrove Leaf which had a salty taste under its leaf is an adaption used by the mangroves. The mangroves live in a salty environment so they have to find ship canal to exert this unneeded salt. The salt can be removed from the mangrove by the tree sweating out the unneeded salt through under it leaves.Pneumatophores are little sticks that stick out of the ground, these are the roots of the tree. The pneumatophores sucks in oxygen through its tiny lenticals and transfers it throughout the plant. This was proven through the pipette experiment, as tiny air bubbles show that air can be transferred. This is useful because when there is a flood and oxygen is not allowed to the roots of the m angrove the pneumatophores can come in handy as they stick out of the water and take in all the oxygen. Pneumatophores can also act as a filter, they can filter out unneeded salts.Do pneumatophores grow longer as they reach the creek? As the pneumatophores travel further away from the creek there size decreases in height. This happens because the pneumatophores has to be higher than the depth of the water because it needs to suck in the oxygen available and if its under thewater it is useless. As the height of the water decreases as it moves out from the creek the height of the pneumatophores also decreases.There are some examples of commensalism in the Badu Mangrove community. A dew drop bird of passage and a golden orbweavers are an example of commensalism. A dew drop spider lives in the golden orbweavers nest without the orbweaver realising it, because the dew drop spider is very tiny and looks like a normal dew drop hence the name. The dewdrop is the commensal because it uses t he hosts ( golden orbweaver) nest and eats the food collected by the orbweaver and doesnt damage the orbweaver in any way.An example of mutualism in the Badu Mangrove community is lichen which consists of algae and fungi. The algae produces photosynthesis while the fungi provides a place to live.An example of allelopathy is the casuarina (she-oak). It produces chemicals in the soil which are poisonous to other plants and this prevents anything from growing near it, also it has stem and leaves which give off these aromas that detract plants from growing near it. This allows the casuarina to nutrients to itself.ConclusionIt can be concluded that the biotic and abiotic features of an ecosystem can effect distribution and population of organisms such as mangroves because they determine where they live and where they cannot live. The biotic and abiotic features of an ecosystem is very important to the many species that depend on it, if it is removed it can cause a chain of detrimental e ffects.

Globalization and International Sweatshops Essay

Firstly, globalization is good to the extent that it respects each countrys tribute needs, firearm at the same time discouraging states which threaten or ar likely to threaten global peace. When states are interdependent, despotic leaderships appreciate that jeopardizing global security puts them at the rsik of losing trade connections with other states. Secondly, globalization is good if and when it allows each country to use its economic advantage to compete. States are endowed differently and some are more developed than others.As such, it is important that every state should have the room to use its economic advantage to make better its economy. Lastly, globalization must win internationally-acceptable labour practices. Although growth countries may not have identical labour standards as the developed countries, the former must show deliberate effort to improve their labour standards (Reich, n. d). Ciulla would differ sharply with Maitlands defense of international sweatsho ps. It is a fact that everybody, including the poorest people in the least developed and badly-governed states have the right to direct their work (Cuilla, n.d). However, this practical range of choice is so narrow that they have no alternative but to work for the sweatshops, inspite of the poor pay and terrible works conditions. Widespread unemployment in the Third World, which compels thousands of the residents to seek employment opportunities in the sweatshops, does not give the latter the right to exploit, abuse the workers or to pay them poorly. Many of the multi-national sweatshops prevail branches in the developed world and the developing world.While their workers in the former are paid well and enjoy better employment terms, the workers in the developing world are paid very poorly, yet they are mostly assigned physically-demanding, dirty and dangerous parts of the production process. By employing underage persons, these sweatshops go bad national and international law. Th eir influence however means that the host governments turn a blind eye to their malpractices. References Ciulla, The Working Life. Maitland, I. (n. d). In Defense of International Sweatshops. Reich, R. (n. d). bring out from the Global Sweatshop.

Science: Tsunami and New York

Dependent Variable Velocity of wave (wave velocity) Constants Plastic memory board container military man of wood Height from which the wood is dropped and the way it is held before each clipping it is dropped Gravel-like substance that creates an peevish get throughthis includes both its physical material and the amount of it that is hardened on the bottom of the tank during each treatment Time at which the stopwatch is started after the wooden choke up is dropped and a wave is created Problem It is a known fact about tsunamis that if the level of the water is higher, then the velocity of the wave will be greater.How does an uneven bottom affect the velocity of tsunami waves at different water levels? Hypothesis I believe that an uneven bottom will still result in the velocity of the wave being greater when the water level is higher. 5 MLA References with Annotations 1. Michelle, Maranowski, PhD. The Science Behind Tsunamis Study the Effect of Water Depth on Wave Velocity. S cience Buddies. Science Buddies, 2005-2012. Web. 13 tribe 2012. http//www. sciencebuddies. org/science-fair- digests/project_ideas/OceanSci_p014. htmlbackground This electronic source inspired my project idea, and provided me with the materials and procedure that I would need to execute my project. In addition, it helped me chthonicstand exactly what the original project would be testing, and also how I could make it my own. 2. What are Tsunamis? CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio Canada, 29 Sept 2009. Web. 13 Sept 2012. http//www. cbc. ca/news/world/story/2009/09/29/f-tsunami-forces-of-nature. html This electronic source provided me with basic tsunami information.I believe that it is important to have as much information as possible about my topic, so that I am able to get the most out of my project and understand it to the fullest. 3. Tsunamis. National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 1996-2012. Web. 13 Sept 2012. http//environment. nationalgeographic. com/environment/natural-disasters/tsuna mi-profile/ This electronic source was helpful to me by providing me with even more background information on tsunamis and their effects. In addition, a video on National Geographic allowed me to view a real tsunami in action. 4.Luhr, James F. Earth. Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. New York, New York DK Publishing, 2003. Print. (P. 123, 143, 151, 190, 192, 271, 429, 501) This printed source helped me understand the different things that can cause a tsunami. This includes a variety of submarinal conditions, and-although this is rare- those reasons related to meteors. 5. Cramer, Deborah. Ocean. Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. New York, New York Collins Publishing, 2008. Print. (P. 62) This printed source was very helpful, because it showed me a tsunamis effect on the whole ocean.This is an important thing to note, because it helps tramp into perspective how a tsunami is not only devastating once it hits shore, but also before it hit s shore and is still a violent wave uncontrollably speeding across the ocean toward the shore, destroying almost everything in its path. Materials 1. Plastic storage box (at least 40 cm long x 5 cm deep) 2. Source of water 3. Small gravel or pebbles (to be spread over bottom of storage box as representation of an uneven bottom in the ocean) 4. Piece of wood (2 in thick x 4 in wide x 8 in long) 5. Sharpie permanent mug 6. Metric ruler 7. Digital stopwatch . Bright ceiling light (above pickle of experiment) 9. Hand towel 10. Volunteer to run stopwatch 11. Lab notebook 12. Graph Paper Procedure 1. Find a well-lit location at which to execute experiment (favorably indoors and free of commotion) 2. Remove any items away from location that could be damaged by potential splashing water from storage box 3. Place storage box on white sheet and under bright ceiling light with no surrounding lights in order to see waves as clearly as possible 4. Cover bottom of storage box with layer(s) of gravel/pebbles as needed until bottom of box cannot be seen 5.Fill storage box with a few centimeters (cm) of water 6. Draw small bend with sharpie on a shorter end of the boxs exterior, approximately 2. 5 cm below rim of box (this play offs the spot from where plot of land of wood will be dropped) 7. Begin practicing making and tracking waves 8. Line up bottom of wood at marked line and drop, immediately thereafter watching for resulting wave traveling from one end of tank to the other(a) 9. Begin executing real experiment once comfortable creating and tracking waves 10. muster out/fill water tank after practice runs until 1 cm of water is left in tank. Use metric ruler for accuracy.This water insight will be used as the measurement for the first treatment 11. Create appropriate data table in lab notebook 12. give out volunteer with stopwatch when they should start and stop timing the waves path (those times should be as soon as wooden block is dropped and wave is formed, an d as soon as wave returns and hits other end of box) 13. Record the time in data table from lab notebook 14. take over step 11 nine more times (nine more tests), always waiting for water to settle before dropping wood again from tenacious position each test 15. Fill box with water depth 2 cm (confirm with ruler) 16. Repeat steps 11-13 17.Fill box with water depth of 3 cm (confirm with ruler) 18. Repeat steps 11-13 19. Empty box and repeat steps 9-16 four times so that end result is 5 trials (10 tests per trial) for each of the 3 depths 20. Analyze data for each water depth for each trial across the 10 tests and record data in notebook 21. Average time data across the three trials from the numbers calculated in step 19 22. Measure and record distance between where wave was created (leading edge of mark from where wood was dropped) and other end of box 23. Divide distance by average time it took for wave to move from one end of tank to the other for each water depth.The answer recor ded in notebook will be wave velocity 24. Plot data (x-axis=water depth, y-axis=wave velocity) 25. dish up the following questions What is the relationship between the water depth and the wave velocity? Is it a linear relationship? Does the wave velocity increase or flow with increasing water depth even with an uneven bottom? Does this result make sense to you according to the research that you have done on tsunamis that seems to declare that, in general, if the level of the water is higher then the velocity of the wave will be greater? If it does not match, then the conclusion should be that an uneven bottom does affect the velocity of tsunami waves. 26. Equation 1, below, shows the mathematical relationship between the wave velocity in shallow water as a region of water depth. Equation 1 states that velocity is the square root of the product of the acceleration of gravity and the water depth V = vgd V = Velocity in meters/second (m/s) g = Acceleration of gravity (9. 8 meters/s econd2) d = Water depth in meters (m) 27. Using equation 1, plot wave velocity as a function of water depth. How does the plot compare to results from the storage box/model-tsunami?

Independant Study, Delayed Cord Clamping vs Immediate Cord Clamping Essay

Throughout the bookmans practical placements they take aim witnessed midwives having conflicting views on the practice of slow pile clamping which then allowed the student to research the topic in depth. After redirect examinationing all the re stack the student will make recommendations for practice. They should discuss the implications of both slow downwards heap clamping and spry stack clamping to improve longanimous refuge and reduce molest to both the newborn baby and the mother.For the student to bear witness their ability to be an autarkical learner they must undertake a study on a subject of their pickax. The student has elect to discuss whether delay pile clamping or present(prenominal) cord clamping is more(prenominal) full for a positive outcome for neonates and mothers. The student will relate this subject to The World Health plaques (WHO) documentation relating to patient safety and also how delaying cord clamping could reduce harm to the neonat e and mother.Previous to this study the student will have presented their plan and learning outcomes to a small reference and has also provided a rationale, stating the aim, learning outcomes and also outlining their reason on choosing this particular topic for their Independent study (appendix 1). Literature Review The or so historically practised protocol has been hold up cord clamping, with work dating back to 1773, when Charles While published his famous work, A Treatise on the Management of Pregnant and Lying in Women, which taught delayed cord clamping as common practice except in the case of a nuchal cord (Cook, 2007).Erasmus Darwin in 1801 appriseed that it was injurious to an infant if the umbilical cord was cut too soon. He advised it should ever so be left until the child has repeatedly breathed and the cord had stopped pulsating, otherwise the baby would be left much weaker than it should be as the decline which should have been transfer to the baby would have be en left in the placenta (Bluff, 2006). Immediate cord clamping started becoming more common practice in the 1960s out-of-pocket to two reasons.Firstly, mismanaged jaundice provoked a great deal of lawsuits against paediatricians who then urged obstetricians to minimise placental transfusion. Secondly, due to the augment use of analgesia and active management of the third stage of labour Eastman (1950) stated that by the widespread use of analgesic drugs in labour, it has resulted in a make sense of infants who had sluggish respiratory effects at pedigree ca development the need for immediate cord clamping to take place.In 1997 the World Health Organisation suggested the primary reason for earlyish clamping being practiced is to protect the neonate from the large infusion of blood that occurs from the Syntocinon induced contraction immediately after delivery. much recent studies have shown the opposite from this and that delayed cord clamping is more beneficial to the mother an d baby. The NICE Clinical Guidelines (2007) on intra-partum c are carried out a review to as authentic whether interfering with placental transfusion had any benefits to the mother or the baby.Their findings was that there was insufficient evidence to support delayed cord clamping in game income countries but it did support that delayed cord clamping reduced anaemia in low to middle income countries. They suggest this is due to anaemia being more commonplace in those countries over all and that more research needs to be done to suggest delayed cord clamping is beneficial to mother and baby. The student has chosen three studies to consider and review. The first is a study by Anderson et al, (2011).Their aim was to determine the effects of delayed cord clamping versus early cord clamping on neonatal outcomes and iron view at four month. Their reasoning behind this was that previous studies have build that as much as 26% of children suffer from anaemia and in India 70% of children between six-eleven months were found to be anaemic (Jaleel, Deeba, Khan, 2009). It has been suggested that iron deficiency has been associated with impaired neurological development therefore Anderson et al (2011) decided to curb out a randomised control trial to try and decided what would be the best practice.They state their main focus is hemoglobin and iron status at four months of age and they have a secondary focus of neonatal anaemia, early respiratory symptoms and polycythaemia. Their aim was clear from the outset that they would show delayed cord clamping reduces iron deficiency in neonates. The second study is an article by Bluff (2006) discussing early versus delayed cord clamping. Bluffs objective is to prove that by delaying cord clamping it cannister reduce the incidences of respiratory Distress Syndrome, Intravatricular Haemorrhage, Necrotizing Enterocolostic and brain damage.Bluff (2006) provides sufficient evidence to back up their claim agreeing with Anderson e t al (2011) that delayed cord clamping is more beneficial to the mother and baby than early cord clamping. The third study the student has chosen to discuss is one of midwives views on delayed cord clamping. Airey et al (2008) states that although there is evidence to associate delayed cord clamping with benefits to mother and baby midwives still practice early clamping. The author claims there is an uncertainty of utility(a) strategies with cord clamping.Falcao (2012) agrees suggesting this may be due to the lack of knowledge and clear guidelines of what delayed cord clamping is. Therefore Airey et al (2008) conducted a survey, their aim was to interview a number of delivery suite midwives and record the results, stating there is conflicting knowledge of the timing of delayed cord clamping. Anderson et al (2011) states that young children are at luck of iron deficiency due to low iron intake and the need for iron for rapid growth.Iron is essential for cognitive development (Mitra, 2009) therefore it is all important(predicate) that we understand the best practice possible to reduce these chance associated with iron deficiency and achieve optimal brain development. Bluff (2006) states that iron stores are decisive for optimal neurological development. Anderson et al (2011) obtained their results from 400 full term infants in low insecurity pregnancy which makes it one of the largest randomised controlled studies comparing delayed and early clamping. By using a larger group it gives more accurate and widespread results (NIH,2012).Their results showed, that at four months of age infants had no significant differences in haemoglobin concentration, but 45% of infants that had delayed cord clamping had higher ferritin levels and lower prevalence of iron deficiency. Mitra et al (2009) also carried out a similar study, although only using 130 participants the same results were found that delayed cord clamping reduces the risk of iron deficiency. Many studies hav e shown that by clamping the umbilical cord immediately after birth it reduces the blood the neonate receives therefore it may increase the risk of that infant becoming iron deficient or anaemic.The blood circulating the placenta and umbilical vessels is 25-40% of the babies substance blood volume (Yao & Lind,1974). A healthy neonates blood volume is around 80-115ml/kg of birth weight therefore a neonate weighing 3. 6kg has a blood volume of 209- 290mls of blood, which 75-125mls may have been transfused. By delaying cord clamping and allowing the extra blood to be transfused this could provide the neonate with an additional 50 mg of additional iron which may prevent or delay low iron levels as an infant ( Bluff, 2006).Bluff (2006) also discusses the other benefits to delayed cord clamping, such as reducing the risks of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) which is the major cause of neonatal morbidity, mortality, Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) and Intraventricular Haemorrhages (IVH ). This is due to immediate clamping of the cord preventing additional blood being transfused to the neonate which is the equivalent to the amount transferred to a baby with profound shock Morley (1998). This describes immediate cord clamping as the equivalent of subjecting an infant to a broad haemorrhage.Mercer and Skovgaard (2002) state that if we lost this much blood at any other point in our lives it would cause serves morbidity or death. . By clamping the cord immediate after delivery this would result in blood being sacrificed from other organs in order to establish pulmonary perfusion, which may increase the risk of the neonate suffering from RDS, NEC or IVH. The use of Delayed Cord Clamping should also be used with preterm neonates. Strauss et al (2008) also carried out a randomised controlled trial comparing delayed versus immediate cord clamping but specifically relating to preterm neonates.The outcomes are the same as the previous trials that delayed cord clamping is mo re beneficial to the neonate than immediate cord clamping. The author states that the neonates whole blood volume was increased after delayed cord clamping. Bluff (2006) also agrees that delayed cord clamping should be used with preterm infants if possible as it increases red blood cells and stabilises blood pres authentic therefore decreasing the need for transfusions and also decreases the risk of bleeding in the brain. Although there is a great deal of evidence showing benefits to the neonate from delayed cord clamping, there is also benefits to the mother.Bluff (2006) suggests that by delaying the clamping of the cord it reduces the risk of the mothers experiencing a post-partum haemorrhage or a retained placenta. By immediately clamping the cord it increases the placentas blood supply by as much as 100mls therefore increasing the bulk of the placenta and decreasing the efficiency of uterine contractions which are necessary for the expulsion (Bluff, 2006). In 1968 Walsh found th at Delayed Cord clamping reduces post-partum haemorrhages and retained placentas. She states that with the placenta being slight bulky when it has been drained blood by the neonate, the uterus can contract easier and ore effectively on a less engorged placenta therefore reducing maternalistic blood loss.This is answering to improve patient safety to the mothers by preventing PPHs and retained placentas. It was thought that early cord clamping should be performed if the mother is anaemic, so in 2004 a study conducted by the Liverpool school of tropical medicine assessed mothers with a mean haemoglobin level of 10g/dl. The results showed it was still beneficial to the neonatal to delay the cord clamping and caused no adverse effects to the mother.The adverse effects of delayed cord clamping which are outlined in the studies are that it may cause polycythaemia and hyperbilirubinemia. There have been studies to show that polycythaemia and jaundice is an increased risk of delayed cord clamping. Polycythaemia means that more red cells are transfused delivering more oxygen to the tissues which Bluff (2006) suggests could be beneficial. Some, use the reasoning that there is a risk that by having more red blood cells may cause the blood to become too thick as an crinkle against delayed cord clamping, which seems to be negligible in healthy babies. Morley 1998).A study carried out by Hutton and Hussian (2007) showed that the infants who had delayed cord clamping had a slight increase in polycythaemia but where not symptomatic and did not need any treatment. Morley(1998) suggest that if a baby receives their full quota of blood, then the baby is almost certain to suffer from slight jaundice as its caused by the normal breakdown of the normal excess blood to produce bilirubin, but there is no evidence of adverse effects from this.Mercer et al (2003) also carried out randomised and nonrandomised studies on delayed cord clamping. From the five hundred and thirty one ter m infants and club trials she conducted, there were no significant symptoms of either polycythaemia or hyperbilirubinemia noted. Hutton and Hussians study also showed a slight increase in bilirubin levels inwardly the first 24 hours of live but no infants had to be treated. There were insignificant differences in bilirubin levels from three to fourteen days. The trial Anderson et al (2011) carried out also found no differences in these outcomes.The Cochrane review (2008) was one which account significant differences in bilirubin levels between immediate cord clamping and delayed cord clamping and suggested a number of infants needed phototherapy for jaundice, although it was conducted using unpublished data. Therefore given no reason to ensure the cord is clamped immediately to prevent any harm to the infant. One of the occupations the student observed while working in a clinical area was the midwives different views and practices on cord clamping. Airey et al (2008) carried out a study to take on the general senses of midwives views on the subject.They interviewed 63 delivery suit midwives of which 42 described delayed cord clamping as when the pulsation stops, but 48 of the midwives admitted to clamping the cord within one minute of the baby being delivered. The author states that within the UK 87% of units give Sytocinon and clamps the cord early applying controlled cord traction. Falcao (2012) agrees in which a higher lot of midwives will practice early cord clamping rather than delayed. She suggests this may be due to the lack of knowledge and clear guidelines of what delayed cord clamping is.Falcao (2012) states all midwives should have a clear understanding of the timing and benefits of delayed cord clamping to have the safest up to date practice. Discussion Patient safety is a worldwide commonplace health problem, but the issues around patient safety differ. In 2002, The World Health Organisation recognises patient safety as the need to reduce ha rm and suffering of patients and their families. They state that any producers carried out should be evidence based to help prevent harm. Anderson et al (2011) randomised controlled trial refers to reducing harm to the neonate.They suggest that by delaying the cord clamping it is improving iron stores. As previously discussed by increasing iron stores it is likely to reduce the risk of impaired cognitive function, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Intraventricular Haemorrhage and Necrotising Enterocolitis (Bluff, 2006). This is giving us evidence that delayed cord clamping is beneficial to the neonate. The Royal College of Midwives have produced a document Evidence establish Guidelines for midwifery-led care in labour third stage of labour which outlines the pros and cons for delaying cord clamping, stating intercourse is important.They suggest by informing the women of her choices and explaining to her the benefits she should be able to make a decision which midwifes will support. Ac cording to the joint commission on Accreditations of HealthCare Organization, communication was the worst category in 2005. They state the reason for ineffective communication is varied from stressful environments causing staff to forget information, to the culture of autonomy and hierarchy of staff.Poor communications between health care professionals, patients and their carers has shown to be the most common reason for lawsuits against health care providers (WHO,2011). It is important that information about delayed cord clamping is shared with the women herself so she is able to make an informed choice about the care of her and her baby. Another problem highlighted in communication is the ability to handover correct information to staff taken over their care. The SBAR communication tool has been use for staff to be able to communicate effectively with one another (NHS, 2006).Communication is essential to good team work, and team work is essential to patient safety (NHS, 2007). St aff should use the tool in the clinical area where it enables the communication to be clear and allows the midwife looking after the women to write down their care plan for the staff to take over without the worry of missing essential information. Communication is also very important in delayed cord clamping as Airey et al (2008) highlighted the midwives have different views on cord clamping and the timing that defines delayed clamping.Their results showed a variance in understanding of delayed clamping times whether it should be after one minute, five minutes or after pulsation has stopped. Each unit should be able to communicate with their staff to make sure that all midwives have the same understanding of cord clamping to promote the best possible practice to reduce harm. NHS Scotland (2007) state that clinical descions about treatments should be make on the basis of the best possible evidence to ensure care is safe and effective.Midwives should have the ability to be able to ass ess information which would help them make decisions about the best possible care for that women. They should be able to understand where delayed cord clamping is not appropriate by identifying a problem such as an obstetric emergencies, and use appropriate interventions to care for that women and her baby to reduce the risk of any harm (WHO 2011). WHO (2007) state that evidence does not always need to be the most up to date to be the most accurate.Bluff (2006) discusses article written as far back as 1773 which are relevant to practice today and still adhere to patient safety guidelines discussing how delayed cord clamping reduces harm to the neonate by increasing blood supply. As Bluff (2006) discusses, there is some evidence that shows immediate cord clamping contributes to post-partum haemorrhage (PPH). The rate of PPH continues to rise although most other causes of severe maternal morbidity declines. outside(a) data suggest that post-partum haemorrhage is increasing worldwide with 385 women in Scotland experienced PPH in 2011, one in every 170 births.PPH accounted for 73% of all the reported incidents of severe maternal morbidity. (Healthcare Improvement Scotland, 2013). As Bluff (2006) states by simply practicing delayed cord clamping causing the placenta to be drained of blood by the neonate it will help reduce the number of women experiencing Post-partum haemorrhages improving Patient safety. By gathering all the information and research studies carried out it is clear that by delaying cord clamping at deliveries it can reduce harm to neonates and prevent unnecessary illnesses and diseases.WHO state thats when solutions have been shown to work effectively in controlled research settings, it is important that we can assess and evaluate the impact, accessibility and affordability of these solutions and implement then accordingly. It has been proven that by practicing delayed cord clamping cost is reduced as it is less likely for the neonate to need a bl ood transfusion. (Kinmond, 1993) . It is very accessible as we would not be changing practice just delaying it therefore we should implement delayed cord clamping to reduce harm and improve on patient safety for both mothers and neonates.

Honor Thy Father and Mother: an Essay Concerning the Condition of Elderly Care in the United States Essay

In the world we red-hot in, we grow up and get one- era(a)er. Its a sad and simple fact that we cant be young forever. When we ar growing up, we are cared for by our parents, relatives, and many more people. They care for us because at that point in our lives, we didnt know how to sign on care of ourselves. As we grew older we learned how to care for ourselves and no longer necessarily infallible the help of those other people. There comes a point in our aging process that we begin to forget how to care for ourselves or lose the means to do it alone. Usually what leave alone happen is the family that you have left will either hire someone to care for you in your own family unit or move you to a nursing facility. Jean Marcusson is an 88 year old woman. She has three kids (one of which is my mother). In May of 2013 she was diagnosed with congestive heart failure. Shortly after it became homely that she wasnt able to care for herself in her own home. She was having trouble call up who people were, where she was, and sometime she would forget what she was doing. There were instances where she turned on the stove to boil water for tea, but forgot to put water in the kettle. Abother, when she attended my first she didnt know whose graduation it was. Its tough for her family to help her when they all have their own lives to lead. Her daughters and son have spent a lot of their time this summer taking care of her, but it is growing old.After a month of taking care of her for a month in her home, the doctors decided that she needed to be put in a rehab center. Immediately after that she was moved into the John Knox Rehab Facility. She was confused, nothing seemed right to her. Her first thought was that she was in a hotel. At that point we began to realize that she was suffering from dementia. She couldnt tell the difference between her children or grandchildren. She couldnt remember whether or not her husband was alive or where she lived before arriving at th e rehab facility.A few weeks into her stay at John Knox, Jean came down with very(prenominal) serious pneumonia. The doctors decided to move her back to leewards Summit Medical Center. Speculation led doctors to believe that she caught it at the rehab center. Once she got better, they moved her back into the facility. She seemed to be doing well, until there was a day when she was alone dehydrated and wouldnt leave her bed. At first they couldnt figure out what was wrong. My mom was sitting with her that night and found some pills on the floor. It became apparent that when the nurse brought her pills to her in the morning that she would throw them on the floor once the nurse left the room. The whole episode left her family very upset with the reference of care she was receiving. Another incident was when she decided to go to the restroom without alerting a nurse and fell on her way there. Being old and fragile, she bruised very easily and this fall left the right side of her face blackened.The condition she was in at the rehab center left us to wonder how she could ever live by herself at her home again. Insurance only covered her staying in the rehab center until the end of August. For her to live in her home again, we would have to hire effective time nurses that would be there 24/7 to look after her. Thats something that just wont fly for her, plus its expensive. For a nurse to be at her house caring for her eight hours a day, it would cost $5,000 a month. So you can imagine how much 24 hours a day would cost. In my opinion, the rehab center didnt help Jean at all. I would say it made her worse. Her anxiety developed when they made her leave her home and her dementia got much worse from there.In the year 2000, two thousand nursing homes were studied. The findings reported that 44% said they had been abused. 95% said they had been neglected or had seen another resident be neglected. The National Center of Elder Abuse (NCEA) shows the majority of elderly abuse is physically, resident to resident, or psychological. Nearly 1 in 3 nursing homes have been cited for violating national standards for treatment of the elderly. Over 50% of nursing home staff has admitted to mistreating older patients through violence, mental abuse, and neglect, two thirds of those incidents baffling neglect. A survey of Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA) found that 17% of CNAs had pushed or grabbed a nursing home resident, 51% had reported yelling at a resident, and 23% had sworn at residents. A U.S. GAO report to Congress states Our work shows that nursing home residents need both stronger and more immediate protections. More should be done to protect nursing home residents. Another issue I would like to discuss is abuse of the elderly by family or friends. There are some families in this world who have older people in their families who can no longer take care of themselves to the family these people are vulnerable. The family will begin to care for the el derly person and expect compensation of some sort. Many drug abusers look to take money from the parents or grandparents and are the close likely to abuse a relative. 66% of elderly abuse cases are caused by adult children or spouses. 42% of murder victims over the age of 60 were murdered by their own offspring.While we can all agree that abuse of the elderly is a despicable act. It is possible to slightly justify the actions of the abusers. cured people arent the most enjoyable people to take care of. I can provide a small testimony to that as I work in fast food and I am often given a lot of crap from elderly customers. Honestly, there is no beneficial way to justify elderly abuse, while the actions of the abusers may seem justifiable to them, they arent. You cant justify abusing anyone, but I understand that the abuser had a reason to do what they did that may have seemed right to them.Jean Marcussons case is different though, the things she dealt with at John Knox might not h ave been on purpose. Even if they were, there is nothing we can do to prove it and it would be a waste of time to try. Ensuring that the people that made those mistakes are punished wont make Jean any better. It seve verify disturbs me that a person can be okay with hurting a person, especially an elderly one.It amazes me that our parents or other relatives raise us and teach us how to live. Yet when they become old and need our help some refuse because they think that you shouldnt rely on other people to take care of you. What would have happened had our parents just left us to fend for ourselves andlearn the ropes of surviving in this world. We would probably be dead or much different than we are now, that is something I dont want to imagine. Take care of the elderly as if you were in their bit and wanted someone to take care of you. Youll probably be in that position someday and expect someone to be there to help you.

Educational Development Theories

Understanding human fill is considered the key towards maximizing the potentials of every student in the classroom. Developments in various fields, such anthropology, psychology, and biology gain contributed handsomely to reinventing education in the last century. Research is given a central usance in shaping kidskinrens education and experiences in schools (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 4). The advances in related fields and the change magnitude support from look have prompted educators to be reflective and evaluative some pedagogy and curriculum in an effort to fancy that the best learning environment is provided.In short, teachers now have comprehensive tools to guarantee that no child is left behind. Any child that sets foot into the classroom carries with him/her a myriad of experiences and background thus, making it inherent to perceive the child in relation to the systems and dynamics that surround him/her. All areas of increase depend on the context of childrens li veschildrens experiences in families, schools, neighborhoods, community organizations, cultural and ethnic groups, and society at large (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 5).Learning does not happen in isolation and it is how these various contexts that play discover during developmental long time that signifi washbasintly affect his/her experiences in school. To illustrate the impact of context to development a case study is presented in this paper of an eighter year old child, Tonya, attending first grade. After a intervention of the students classroom behavior, the developmental milestones for her age will be presented. These stages of development will be contextualized with the socio-cultural background of the student.Having created a picture of the circumstances of the student, I will then propose an analysis of the attitude of the student drawing from educational development theories. Ethical considerations for the case study will then be discussed, followed by recommendations t o improve the schooling and learning outcomes of the student. Tonya literally stood out in her class, not only be sweat she was long for her age, but also because she was older than the rest of the class having been retained in kindergarten. At eight long time old, she was attending a first grade class.Tonya was observed to display disruptive behaviors such as bossing and determent other children, thieving items from others, or talking them into trading their things (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010). The teacher received complaints from both students and parents that she was also stealing food from her classmates lunchboxes. Tonyas behavior can be described as abnormal for other children of her age, and required serious attention. The period from six to ten years old is often referred to as middle childhood.There is continued differentiation of fine motor skills, although the growth in height and saddle slows down and only picks up later on during the adolescent stage. Development of f ine motor skills is reflected in illustrations that are organized and detailed and include some depth cues (Berk, 2009, p. 7). Moreover, such developments allowed for wider range of activities in play, sports and nursing home chores. Often, parents start to build responsibility among their children by assigning them chores at home such as cooking, cleaning, and feel after their siblings.Middle childhood is also a period of active neural developments that manifest in increasing integration of cognitive processes. They are learning to read and write, as well as coiffe basic mathematical computations (i. e. addition and subtraction). In addition, they are beginning to express themselves creatively. There is also a pronounced improvement in verbal expressions, and are becoming more aware of the concept of rules with peers and parents. Thus, they are learning to grasp the concepts of cause and effect better.The socio-emotional development of children from six to ten years old is mar ked by development of emotional states in relation to the people around them. This accompanied by an increasing societal network of peers and friends. At this stage, children become more aware of pride and guilt, and are more presumable to conform to unsloped behavior. Pro-social behaviors are observed when dealing with peers, especially as they learn to build friendships establish on trust and assistance.It can be deduced that at this stage, children start to develop their moral compass and answer to others with sensitivity and better judgment. In the case of Tonya discussed above, it is apparent that the socio-emotional milestone expected for her age group was not been met. Instead of displaying pro-social behavior, she is disruptive in class, and clearly is not developing friendships that are based on plebeian trust and assistance. She is actually behaving exactly the opposite. In addition, having been retained in Kindergarten may be a good indicator of some cognitive delays as well.However, physically, she has developed as expected, and has the capacities and skills to perform manual tasks for her age. In fact, the account from the teacher emphasized the point that Tonya had to take care of her three-year old brother before going to school. cognize Tonyas family background was the key to helping her curb the problematic behavior in school. Her physical development coupled with the responsibilities she had at home required healthy food and supply, which was not available for her because her mother had lupus, and her step-father was for good disabled.Childrens experiences within their families are especially important to their health (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 149). Tonya was not provided with essential dietary supplement which triggered her decision to steal food from her classmates. Moreover, although she was entitled to free lunches, she was not aware of this, and there was no swelled who help oneselfd the process of availing this service. To nyas behavior severely disrupted the possibility of developing friendships. Her reputation made it troublesome to gain the trust and respect of her peers.However, the teachers intervention helped Tonya discern what was right and wrong. Tonya responded to the intervention positively, and changed tremendously. Because of the fact at home, Tonya lacked a role model and the constant guidance of the parents to help her maximize her potentials, both cognitively and socio-emotionally. The change in Tonyas behavior and understanding of the consequences of her actions are good indicators of sound judgment and knowledge skills.It is highly plausible that retention in Kindergarten may have been caused by socio-emotional problems, rather than cognitive difficulties. mechanical drawing ideas from prominent educational theorists, Piaget, Vgotsky and Erickson, can be helpful to facilitate learning for Tonya, and hopefully accelerate her so she achieves the proper grade level for her age. Jean Piaget coined the term concrete operational stage for children ages seven to eleven years old.At this stage, children have developed the concept of conservation. The child can think logically about very concrete objects, categories and principles (Coon & Mitterer, 2010, p. 99). Thus, it is essential for the teacher to pay special attention to Tonyas development of mathematical skills, and its relation to other subjects, such as science. Once she gains mastery, she will gain confidence as well in performing tasks, and this is essential for her to work towards reaching her expected levels.Providing Tonya with hands-on experiences will further facilitate her learning. Judging from the circumstances that surround Tonya, it is highly challenging for her to successfully develop according to the developmental milestones. As explained by Vygotskys (1978) zone of proximal development (ZPD), human learning presupposes a specific social nature and a process by which children grow into the in tellectual life of those around them (as cited in Slee, 2002, p. 209). superstar of the contemporary proponents of ZPD, Wood (1988) further outlines the instructional options for mothers of children between four and five years old (i) world-wide verbal encouragement (ii) specific verbal instruction (iii) assistance in choosing materials for a task (iv) preparing materials for collection in a task (v) demonstration (Ibid). With Tonyas family background, maternal interaction has been limited, and from her early years, she has missed out on the developmental opportunities. Vygotskys (1978) ZPD highlights the role of the adult in facilitating the learning of children.Compared to Piaget however, he approaches the development in a more qualitative, rather than quantitative perspective and is more liberal on the expected abilities of the children. It highlights the role of the adult, and in the case study, Tonyas teacher to provide the guidance that she is not able to acquire in the home . Furthermore, it will require effort in integrating Tonya in the class considering her past behavior towards her classmates. Vygotskys (1978) hypothesis emphasizes the role of adults and peers in the learning of the individual.I consider it meaningful to highlight Ericksons psychosocial theory because Tonyas case is hinged on her socio-emotional experiences which have serious implications on her psychological state. At her age, the basic meshing as identified by Erickson is industry versus inferiority (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2010, October). School becomes more formalized, and children have to adjust to the naked environment while meeting the demands in academics. Competence is achieved through successful attempts, while failure breeds feelings of inferiority.An eight year old joining a first grade class sets the stage for inferiority, and the teacher must be proactive in creating measures to make Tonya feel competent. Encouraging words and positive reinforcement can h elp her gain confidence and advance academically. At this point, it is highly important to focus on edifice her confidence first, so she is able to take risks and work further towards building her competencies. The role of the teacher in assisting students like Tonya always stands out. The teacher becomes the architect who shapes the conditions that will benefit the students more.Going back to the teachers narration in this case study, it may be observed that the intervention highly suggested by the read/write head violates the ethical standards set by the National Education Association. The principals suggestion of punishment which consisted of a month without recess not only puts the child in danger, but also becomes an additional cause for further disruptive behavior. The teacher though, may have violated the code as well by disclosing the decision of the principal in published material which has the possibility of causing harm to the principals profession.However, the teacher made a wise decision about visiting the family, and examining the conditions before taking both action. Doing so allowed her to find better solutions without compromising the health of the student. It is hoped that the teacher did not give her real shout so as not to compromise the school and the principal. Although the problem was resolved, there were still administrative matters that she hopefully handled properly, and exercising due confidentiality.Referencehttp//www.nea.org/home/30442.htm